On day three, ultimately the final day, England took control through Anderson's 7-42, the best innings return for the veteran seamer in his 129th test.
West Indies emerged with a 22-run lead against England after a rain-affected day which kept conditions ideal for the quick bowlers at Lord's.
All-rounder Ben Stokes took 6/22 for England in a sizzling spell of swing bowling to dent West Indies' hopes of a first series win in England since 1988 and the era of Viv Richards.
Bangladesh, which had a notorious run of 71 defeats in 72 internationals from 1999 to 2004, have transformed into a team capable of surprising many and causing upsets.
By beating its nearest challenger for the one automatic qualification spot, England moved five points clear in Group F of the European zone with two rounds remaining.
Kane got off the mark for this season, scoring the first and last of England's four second-half goals against the world's 190th-ranked team in Group F of European qualifying.
Nurse has been named as a replacement for leg-spinner Samuel Badree, who was unavailable due to a prior commitment.
Rooney last month called time on his often tempestuous international career, retiring from duty after spurning an offer to return to the squad.
West Indies last won a test in England 17 years ago.
Holder has been sanctioned by ICC for making inappropriate comments that were heard by the on-field umpires during the second test against England.
Ali put on 117 with Woakes for the eighth wicket and a hopeful West Indies team at tea was demoralized by stumps.
Domingo, who served as the national coach for four years, has finally accepted his fate after months of speculation.
Root was 45 not out and his unbroken partnership with Malan was worth 77 by the close at Headingley, edging England ahead after West Indies finished on 427 all out in its first innings.
The incident occurred when Ben Stokes reacted in frustration after being edged by Shai Hope for a boundary by making an inappropriate comment which was clearly audible.
Opener Kraigg Brathwaite and Shai Hope scored centuries in a stand worth 245 runs, the West Indies' biggest partnership in England in 33 years.
Quick bowlers Shannon Gabriel and Kemar Roach had four wickets each to lift West Indian spirits and restrict England from achieving a massive score.
The skipper insisted that the team have just lost one game and not the series, so they have to regroup and believe that they can come back in the series.
England won with time to spare on Day 3 of the day-night Test at Edgbaston, taking a 1-0 lead in the three-match contest in the most commanding fashion.
Alastair Cook made his third-highest Test score, fourth double-century, and passed 11,500 career runs in a performance that underlined the former captain's lasting value to the team.
The Upul Tharanga-led side will have to win at least two matches to secure a place in the pinnacle 50-over competition by staving off the challenge from the West Indies.
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