Pictures taken between 2002 and 2004 by Odyssey’s THEMIS imager up this wind-sculpted sea of dark dunes that covers an area as big as Texas at Mars’ northern polar cap. In this enhanced-color image, cooler areas have in bluer tints, while warmer features are depicted in yellows and oranges.
Do you know that a NASA spacecraft launched 20 years ago is still working at the Red Planet?
For two decades, the longest-lived spacecraft at the Red Planet, 2001 Mars Odyssey, has helped locate water ice, assess landing sites, and study the planet's mysterious moons, NASA said.
Launched 20 years ago on April 7, the orbiter, which takes its name from Arthur C. Clarke's classic sci-fi novel "2001: A Space Odyssey", was sent to map the composition of the Martian surface, providing a window to the past so scientists could piece together how the planet evolved.
But it has done far more than that, uncovering troves of water ice, serving as a crucial communications link for other spacecraft, and helping to pave the way not just for safer landings but also future astronauts.
Odyssey's two decades of data have been a boon for researchers working to determine where water ice is locked up on the planet.
"Before Odyssey, we didn't know where this water was stored on the planet," Project Scientist Jeffrey Plaut of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, which leads the Odyssey mission, said in a statement.
"We detected it for the first time from orbit and later confirmed it was there using the Phoenix lander."
The orbiter finds the water ice using its gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) detector, which has proven to be a capable hunter of near-surface hydrogen -- a proxy for water ice.
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The GRS measures the amount of different elements on the Martian surface and also serves as a node in NASA's interplanetary gamma-ray burst (GRB) detection network, which identifies source locations of GRB's for follow-up astronomical observations.
For many years, the most complete global maps of Mars were made using Odyssey's infrared camera, called the Thermal Emission Imaging System, or THEMIS.
The camera measures the surface temperature day and night, allowing scientists to determine what physical materials, such as rock, sand, or dust, exist.
Its data reveals the presence of these materials based on how they heat up or cool down over the course of a Martian day.
What is the net effect of two decades' worth of all that mapping?
Scientists have not just used the data to map valley networks and craters, they have also been able to spot sandstone, iron-rich rocks, salts, and more -- findings that help lend deeper insight to Mars' story.
"It's hard to overstate how the THEMIS global map has filled gaps in our knowledge," said Laura Kerber of JPL, Odyssey's deputy project scientist.
THEMIS has sent back more than 1 million images since it began circling Mars.
The images and maps it has produced highlight the presence of hazards, such as topographic features and boulders, but they also help ensure the safety of future astronauts by showing the location of resources such as water ice.
This aids the Mars science community and NASA in deciding where to send landers and rovers -- including the Perseverance rover, which touched down on February 18, NASA said.
From early on, Odyssey has served as a long-distance call centre for NASA's rovers and landers, sending their data back to Earth as part of the Mars Relay Network.
Odyssey has done such a thorough job of studying the Martian surface that scientists have started turning its THEMIS camera to capture unique views of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos, NASA said.
As with the Martian surface, studying each moon's thermophysics helps scientists determine the properties of materials on their surfaces.
Future missions, like the Japanese Space Agency's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft, will seek to land on these moons.
In the distant future, missions might even create bases on them for astronauts, NASA said.
And if they do, they will rely on data from an orbiter that began its odyssey at the start of the millennium.
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