At the age of 18, Mujib married Sheikh Fazilatunnisa and had two daughters - Sheikh Hasina (presently Bangaldesh prime minister) and Sheikh Rehana, and three sons - Sheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal and Sheikh Rasel.
As a student, he joined the All India Muslim Students Federation in 1940 while studying in Islamia College (now Maulana Azad College), affiliated to Calcutta University to study law.