A study by researchers has concluded that the human lifespan cannot be pushed beyond the ages already attained by the oldest people on record, adding that progress against infectious and chronic diseases may boost average life expectancy, but not maximum lifespan.
Since the 19th century, average life expectancy has risen almost continuously - thanks to improvements in public health, diet, the environment and other areas, researchers said. However, according to the researchers from Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the US, this upward arc for maximal lifespan has a ceiling — and we have already touched it.
"Demographers as well as biologists have contended there is no reason to think that the ongoing increase in maximum lifespan will end soon," said Jan Vijg, professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
"But our data strongly suggests that it has already been attained and that this happened in the 1990s," he said.
Researchers analysed data from the Human Mortality Database, which compiles mortality and population data from more than 40 countries.
Since 1900, those countries generally show a decline in late-life mortality: The fraction of each birth cohort (ie people born in a particular year) who survive to old age (defined as 70 and up) increased with their calendar year of birth, pointing towards a continuing increase in average life expectancy.
However, when researchers looked at survival improvements since 1900 for people aged 100 and above, they found that gains in survival peaked at around 100 and then declined rapidly, regardless of the year people were born.
"This finding indicates diminishing gains in reducing late-life mortality and a possible limit to human lifespan," said Vijg.
Researchers then looked at "maximum reported age at death" data from the International Database on Longevity.
They focused on people verified as living to age 110 or older between 1968 and 2006 in the four countries (the US, France, Japan and the UK) with the largest number of long-lived individuals.
Age at death for these supercentenarians increased rapidly between the 1970s and early 1990s but reached a plateau around 1995 — further evidence for a lifespan limit.
This plateau, the researchers note, occurred close to 1997 — the year of death of 122-year-old French woman Jeanne Calment, who achieved the maximum documented lifespan of any person in history.
Researchers put the average maximum human life span at 115 years — a calculation allowing for record-oldest individuals occasionally living longer or shorter than 115 years.
Finally, they calculated 125 years as the absolute limit of human lifespan.
Expressed another way, this means that the probability in a given year of seeing one person live to 125 anywhere in the world is less than one in 10,000.
"Further progress against infectious and chronic diseases may continue boosting average life expectancy, but not maximum lifespan," said Vijg.
The study was published in the journal Nature.
(With inputs from PTI)
