New Delhi: A staggering 92% of the 17.9 crore households in rural India have an income of less than Rs 10,000 per month and nearly 75 percent of them survive on a monthly income of less than Rs 5, 000 ($83).
This is the finding of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 for Rural India released on Friday that also shows that nearly 25 percent of the rural households still do not own a phone despite India boasting a telecom subscriber base of around a billion.
40 percent of the rural population in the country is landless, toiling as manual casual labourers, the survey reveals.
The survey, for the first time since 1931, gives a glimpse into the lifestyles in rural India in terms of how many households own a phone, a refrigerator, automobiles or land, what percentage of such population pays direct taxes, the kind of jobs they pursue and their literacy rates.
The SECC was conducted during 2011-12 with some states completing it in 2013, due to a lengthy process of seeking objections on collected data. The survey concluded that about 18 crore households lived in rural areas.
As per the Census, among the fortunate families that actually own land, the dependence on rains for their crops is rather high, with 25 percent having no access to irrigation, as per the Census.
Only 8.29 percent of the rural households reported a member who was drawing more than Rs.10,000 per month, while for 17.18 percent others the monthly earning was between Rs.5,000 and Rs.10,000 per month. And 180,657 people still do manual scavenging despite this being illegal.
The latest Census covered all the 640 districts in the country in a paperless manner, using some 640,000 electronic handheld devices. The government on Friday released only the provisional data of the socio-economic Census for rural India.
The Census seeks to provide useful data on households on various aspects of their socio-economic status -- housing, land-holding, education, women, the differently able, occupation, possession of assets, and members of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes.
In a bid to target government schemes better and ensure they benefit the intended beneficiaries alone, it also provides for automatic exclusion of families on the basis of 14 parameters as also automatic inclusion on the basis of five criteria.
"The progress which households in India have made, who are the ones who have qualitatively moved up in terms of quality of life -- a document of these will be an important input for all policy makers, both at the centre and in the states," Jaitley said while releasing the Census.
"I am sure that with the enormity of the schemes and their reaches that all governments have, this document will form the basis of helping us to target groups to support in terms of policy planning," he added.
Based on 14 parameters for families -- which include criteria such owing a vehicle, possessing a kisan credit card, having a serving government member, drawing an income of Rs.10,000 per month, or owing a refrigerator -- only 7.05 crore families (39.39 percent) stand to be excluded.
Similarly, based on five parameters -- households without shelter, those living on alms, manual scavengers, primitive tribals and legally released bonded labourers -- 16.50 lakh families are eligible for automatic inclusion.
At the same time, 10.69 crore (over 100 million) of rural families, or 60 percent, qualify for "deprivation" based on seven criteria -- which include those with one room, kuccha walls, no member in 18-59 age group, no literate adult above 25 years and landless households.
Among them, while 21.5 percent are Dalits or tribals, 23.5 percent are without a literate adult above 25 years of age.
In terms of education, the Census suggests that 35.73 percent of the rural folk are illiterate, with Rajasthan at the bottom with 47 percent and Lakshwadeep at the top with 9.3 percent. Also, 45 percent of the people still live in “kuccha” houses made of thatch, stones and mud.
Nonetheless, every 10th household owns a refrigerator -- with such population constituting nearly 70 percent in Goa and Lakshadweep and 66 percent in Punjab, but only 2.6 percent in Bihar, 3.3 percent in Chhattisgarh, 4.1 percent in Madhya Pradesh and 4.4 percent in Meghalaya.
