Certain gut problems, such as constipation, difficulty swallowing and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), may be early warning signs of the neurological condition Parkinson's disease, new observational research has warned.
Gastrointestinal symptoms are thought to precede the development of cerebrovascular disease, such as stroke or a brain aneurysm, or Alzheimer's disease, and it has been suggested (Braak's hypothesis) that gut conditions may precede the development of Parkinson's disease too.
To test this hypothesis, the researchers used data from a US nationwide medical record network to compare 24,624 people who had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease of unknown cause with those who had been diagnosed with other neurological conditions -- Alzheimer’s disease (19,046) or cerebrovascular disease (23,942) -- or with none of these (24,624 people in comparison group).
Those with Parkinson's disease were matched with people in the other groups for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and length of diagnosis to compare the frequency of gut conditions included in their electronic health record for an average of six years before their Parkinson's disease diagnosis, according to research published online in the journal Gut.
The researchers then tested the same hypothesis differently by dividing all the adults in the network who had been diagnosed with any of the 18 gut conditions into separate groups -- one for each condition of interest. Both analyses indicated that four gut conditions were associated with a higher risk of a Parkinson's disease diagnosis.
Specifically, gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and constipation were all associated with a more than doubling risk of Parkinson’s disease in the five years preceding the diagnosis, while IBS without diarrhoea was associated with a 17 per cent higher risk.
"This study is the first to establish substantial observational evidence that the clinical diagnosis of not only constipation but also dysphagia, gastroparesis and irritable bowel syndrome without diarrhoea might specifically predict the development of Parkinson's disease," the authors wrote.
Appendix removal, however, seemed to be protective, prompting questions about its potential role in the disease processes leading to Parkinson's disease, say the researchers.
Neither inflammatory bowel disease nor vagotomy (removal of all or part of the vagus nerve to treat peptic ulcer) were associated with a heightened risk, said the study. This is an observational study, and as such, can't establish cause.
"These findings warrant alertness for (gastrointestinal) syndromes in patients at higher risk for Parkinson's disease and highlight the need for further investigation of (gastrointestinal) precedents in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease," the authors noted.
