A team of developmental psychologists said that infants who spent most of their first year during the Covid-19 pandemic have fewer types of bacteria in their gut than infants born earlier.
The findings, published in Scientific Reports, showed that infants whose gut microbes were sampled during the pandemic had lower alpha diversity of the gut microbiome, meaning that there were fewer species of bacteria in the gut.
The infants had a lower abundance of Pasteurellaceae and Haemophilus -- bacteria that live within humans and can cause various infections -- and significantly different beta diversity, which tells us how similar or dissimilar the gut microbiome for two groups may be.
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Researchers from the New York University said in their study that the differences may have been influenced “by the social changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, with infants potentially experiencing more time at home, less time in daycare interacting with other children, increased hygiene in the environment, changes to diet and breastfeeding practices, and increased caregiver stress…”
“The Covid-19 pandemic provides a rare natural experiment to help us better understand how the social environment shapes the infant gut microbiome, and this study contributes to a growing field of research about how changes to an infant’s social environment might be associated with changes to the gut microbiome,” said Sarah C. Vogel, the article’s co-lead author and recent doctoral graduate from NYU Steinhardt’s Developmental Psychology programme.
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For the study, the team compared stool samples of two socio-economically and racially diverse groups of 12-month-olds living in New York City that were provided before the pandemic (34 infants) and between March and December of 2020 (20 infants).
The team say that while speculating on the health implications of gut microbiome differences should be done with caution, gut diversity has been linked to health outcomes across the lifespan.
“In adults we know that lower diversity of the microbiota species in the gut has been linked to poorer physical and mental health,” said Natalie Brito, Associate Professor at NYU Steinhardt.
“But more research is needed on the development of the gut microbiome during infancy and how the early caregiving environment can shape those connections.”
