Some dwarf galaxies form new stars 10-100 times faster than the Milky Way galaxy, states a study by scientists at the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES). Amid the billions of galaxies in the universe, a large number are tiny ones 100 times less massive than the Milky Way galaxy.
"While most of these tiny tots called dwarf galaxies form stars at a much slower rate than the massive ones, some dwarf galaxies are seen forming new stars at a mass-normalised rate 10 to 100 times more than that of the Milky Way galaxy," the study says.
These activities, however, do not last longer than a few tens of million years, a period much shorter than the age of these galaxies - typically a few billion years.
Scientists observing dozens of such galaxies using two Indian telescopes have found that the clue to this strange behaviour of these galaxies lies in the disturbed hydrogen distribution in these galaxies and also in recent collisions between two galaxies.
Hydrogen is an essential element in the formation of a star, said Amitesh Omar, one of the scientists who carried out the research. Star formation at a high rate requires very high density of hydrogen in the galaxies.
Omar and his former student Sumit Jaiswal from ARIES, an institute under the Department of Science & Technology (DST), observed many such galaxies using the 1.3-metre Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope (DFOT) near Nainital and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).
While the former operated at optical wavelengths sensitive to detect optical line radiation emanating from the ionised hydrogen, in the latter, 30 dishes of 45-metre diameter each worked in tandem and produced sharp interferometric images via spectral line radiation at 1,420.40 MHz (megahertz) coming from the neutral hydrogen in galaxies.
According to the study, the 1,420.40 MHz images of several intense star-forming dwarf galaxies indicated that hydrogen in these galaxies is very disturbed.
"While one expects a nearly symmetric distribution of hydrogen in well-defined orbits in galaxies, hydrogen in these dwarf galaxies is found to be irregular and sometimes not moving in well-defined orbits," the study said.
Some hydrogen around these galaxies is also detected in forms of isolated clouds, plumes, and tails as if some other galaxy recently has collided or brushed away with these galaxies, and gas is scattered as debris around the galaxies.
The optical morphologies sometimes revealed multiple nuclei and high concentration of ionised hydrogen in the central region.
"Although galaxy-galaxy collision was not directly detected, various signatures of it were revealed through radio, and optical imaging, and these are helping to build up a story. The research, therefore, suggests that recent collisions between two galaxies trigger intense star formation in these galaxies," it added.
The findings of this research with detailed images of 13 galaxies will be appearing in the forthcoming issue of Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) Journal published by the Royal Astronomical Society, the UK.
