Israel's long-standing focus on Iran's Nuclear Facilities: Is now the right time for a strike? | EXPLAINED
Following Iran's missile attack on Israel on Tuesday, there is growing speculation that Israel might retaliate by targeting Iran's nuclear facilities, as it has previously threatened. Here is the complete breakdown of threats posed by Israel. Read more.
Tehran: After Iran's missile attack on Israel on Tuesday, there is speculation that Israel could strike Iran's nuclear facilities as it has long threatened to do. Expressing grave concerns over the report, US President Joe Biden, on Wednesday, said he would not support an Israeli strike on sites related to Tehran's nuclear program in response to Iran's missile attack on Israel. "The answer is no," Biden told reporters when asked if he would support such retaliation after Iran fired about 180 missiles at Israel on Tuesday.
Below are some of Iran's main nuclear facilities.
Uranium enrichment at its heart
Iran's nuclear programme is spread over many locations. While the threat of Israeli airstrikes has loomed for decades, only some of the sites have been built underground. The United States and the UN nuclear watchdog believe Iran had a coordinated, secret nuclear weapons programme that it halted in 2003. The Islamic Republic denies ever having had one or planning to have one. Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear activities in exchange for relief from international sanctions under a 2015 deal with world powers. That pact fell apart after then-President Donald Trump pulled out of the United States in 2018 and Iran started abandoning the restrictions the next year.
Read: Iran's missile capability: Strategies Israel uses to counter threat | Full comparison
It is worth mentioning that Iran has been expanding its uranium enrichment programme ever since, reducing the so-called "breakout time" it would need to produce enough weapons-grade uranium for a nuclear bomb to a matter of weeks from at least a year under the 2015 accord. Actually making a bomb with that material would take longer. How long is less clear and the subject of debate.
Iran is now enriching uranium to up to 60 per cent fissile purity, close to the 90 per cent weapons grade, at two sites, and in theory, it has enough material enriched to that level, if enriched further, for almost four bombs, according to a yardstick of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN watchdog.
Natanz
A complex at the heart of Iran's enrichment programme on a plain abutting mountain outside the Shi'ite Muslim holy city of Qom, south of Tehran. Natanz houses facilities including two enrichment plants: the vast, underground Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the above-ground Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP). An exiled Iranian opposition group revealed in 2002 that Iran was secretly building Natanz, igniting a diplomatic standoff between the West and Iran over its nuclear intentions that continues today.
The FEP was built for enrichment on a commercial scale, able to house 50,000 centrifuges. Around 14,000 centrifuges are currently installed there, roughly 11,000 of which are in operation, refining uranium to up to 5 per cent purity.
Diplomats with knowledge of Natanz describe the FEP as being about three floors below ground. There has long been debate about how much damage Israeli airstrikes could do to it. Damage has been done to centrifuges at the FEP by other means, including an explosion and power cut in April 2021 that Iran said was an attack by Israel.
The above-ground PFEP houses only a few hundred centrifuges but Iran is enriching to up to 60 per cent purity there.
FordowOn the opposite side of Qom, Fordow is an enrichment site dug into a mountain and therefore probably better protected from potential bombardment than the FEP. The 2015 deal with major powers did not allow Iran to enrich Fordow at all. It now has more than 1,000 centrifuges operating there, a fraction of them advanced IR-6 machines enriching to up to 60%. In addition, Iran recently doubled the number of centrifuges installed at Fordow, with all the new ones being IR-6 machines.
The United States, Britain and France announced in 2009 that Iran had been secretly building Fordow for years and had failed to inform the IAEA. US President Barack Obama said then: "The size and configuration of this facility is inconsistent with a peaceful programme."
IsfahanIran has a large nuclear technology centre on the outskirts of Isfahan, its second largest city. It includes the Fuel Plate Fabrication Plant (FPFP) and the uranium conversion facility (UCF) that can process uranium into the uranium hexafluoride that is fed into centrifuges. There is equipment at Isfahan to make uranium metal, a process that is particularly proliferation-sensitive since it can be used to devise the core of a nuclear bomb.
The IAEA has said there are machines for making centrifuge parts at Isfahan, describing it in 2022 as a "new location".
KhondabIran has a partially built heavy-water research reactor originally called Arak and now Khondab. Heavy-water reactors pose a nuclear proliferation risk because they can easily produce plutonium which, like enriched uranium, can be used to make the core of an atom bomb.
Under the 2015 deal, construction was halted, the reactor's core was removed and filled with concrete to make it unusable. The reactor was to be redesigned "to minimise the production of plutonium and not to produce weapon-grade plutonium in normal operation". Iran has informed the IAEA that it plans to bring the reactor online in 2026.
Tehran Research CentreIran's nuclear research facilities in Tehran include a research reactor.
BushehrIran's only operating nuclear power plant, on the Gulf coast, uses Russian fuel that Russia then takes back when it is spent, reducing the proliferation risk.
Is it the right time to hit Iran's Nuclear Facilities?As Israel contemplates its options regarding Iran's nuclear facilities, the question of timing and strategy remains critical. While the threat posed by a nuclear-capable Iran is real, the implications of a military strike are complex and fraught with uncertainty. Whether now is the right time to hit these facilities is a debate that continues to evolve amidst a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.
(With inputs from agency)
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