The Afghan government should develop a security plan to better protect minority Shia during high-profile public events, Human Rights Watch said today.
The human rights body's comments came in the wake of a series of attacks on the Shia community in the recent past.
At least 32 worshippers, including children were killed and 50 others injured by a suicide bomber at a Shia mosque in Kabul during observance of the religious ceremony of Arbaein. Since July, a wave of sectarian suicide attacks has injured or killed more than 500 members of the Shia community.
Insurgents who affiliate themselves with the Islamic State (also known as ISIS) claimed responsibility for this attack, their fourth on gatherings by Afghanistan's Shia community since July 2016.
The group also said they carried out two attacks during the Shia ceremony of Ashura on October 11, in Kabul, and on October 12, in the northern province of Balkh, that altogether killed at least 32 people.
The group also claimed a July 23 attack against a demonstration by mainly Hazara Shia in Kabul, killing at least 85 and injuring 413, the deadliest attack in Afghanistan on civilians since 2002.
"ISIS has stepped up its horrific and unlawful attacks on Shia public gatherings, making no place safe," said Patricia Gossman, senior Afghanistan researcher at Human Rights Watch.
"The government, Shia leaders and civil society groups should work together to develop appropriate ways to improve security during vulnerable public and religious gatherings so that Shia community members can exercise their basic rights," he said.
The security environment is worsening for all Afghans in the face of an intensifying insurgency, claiming high levels of civilian casualties as fighting increasingly happens in densely populated areas, Human Rights Watch said.
However, the wave of targeted attacks on Shia Hazaras is largely attributable to the emergence of insurgent groups affiliated with ISIS, underscoring the increasing vulnerability of the Shia community beyond active battlefields and in urban areas under government control.
The plight of Hazara Shia in neighboring Pakistan highlights the dangers of unhindered escalation of sectarian violence, Human Rights Watch said. Pakistan's besieged Hazara communities have faced targeted mass attacks by the extremist anti-Shia militant group Lashkar-e Jhangvi for more than a decade.
Lashkar-e Jhangvi has already conducted attacks on large religious ceremonies in Afghanistan in 2011, when an attack on an Ashura gathering killed more than 60 people. Since then, other groups have adopted similar tactics in Afghanistan, including seeking out Hazara bus passengers and executing them, and attacking Shia places of worship.
"Insurgents who are responsible for atrocities targeting a specific ethnic or religious community as part of an attack on a civilian population are committing crimes against humanity," Gossman said.
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