Leonardo da Vinci's iconic painting Mona Lisa was left unfinished because the Italian polymath suffered a fainting episode that caused a traumatic nerve damage affecting his right hand, scientists say.
While the impairment affected his ability to hold palettes and brushes to paint with his right hand, he was able to continue teaching and drawing with his left hand.
The event, which may have hampered Da Vinci's painting skills in his late career, was believed to be related to a stroke.
Doctors writing in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, reached a different conclusion after analysing a 16th-century drawing Da Vinci, together with a biography and an engraving of the Renaissance polymath artist and inventor in earlier years.
Davide Lazzeri, a specialist in plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery at the Villa Salaria Clinic and Carlo Rossi, also a specialist in neurology at the Hospital of Pontedera in Italy, focused on a portrait of da Vinci drawn with red chalk attributed to 16th-century Lombard artist Giovan Ambrogio Figino.
The drawing is a rare rendering of da Vinci's right arm in folds of clothing as if it was a bandage, with his right hand suspended in a stiff, contracted position.
"Rather than depicting the typical clenched hand seen in post-stroke muscular spasticity, the picture suggests an alternative diagnosis such as ulnar palsy, commonly known as claw hand," said Lazzeri.
He suggests that a syncope, or faint, is more likely to have taken place than a stroke, during which da Vinci might have sustained acute trauma of his right upper limb, developing ulnar palsy.
The ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to little finger and manages almost all the intrinsic hand muscles that allow fine motor movements.
While an acute cardiovascular event may have been the cause of da Vinci's death, his hand impairment was not associated with cognitive decline or further motor impairment, meaning a stroke was unlikely.
"This may explain why he left numerous paintings incomplete, including the Mona Lisa, during the last five years of his career as a painter while he continued teaching and drawing," Lazzeri said.
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