Husband has no control over wife's property, says Supreme Court
The woman in this case claimed that 89 sovereigns of gold were gifted to her by her family at the time of marriage. Additionally, after the wedding, her father gave a cheque for ₹ 2 lakh to her husband.
New Delhi: The Supreme Court has reiterated that a husband has no control over his wife's 'stridhan' (woman's property), and although he may use it during times of distress, he holds a moral obligation to return it to his wife. In a recent case, the court directed a man to compensate a woman with Rs 25 lakh for her lost gold, emphasising this principle.
In this case, the woman asserted that she received 89 sovereigns of gold as a gift from her family during her marriage. Furthermore, following the wedding, her father presented a cheque of Rs 2 lakh to her husband.
As per the woman's account, on the first night of their marriage, her husband took possession of all her jewellery and entrusted it to his mother for safekeeping. She alleged that both her husband and his mother misappropriated all the jewellery to settle their pre-existing financial liabilities.
What was Kerala HC order?
In 2011, the Family Court determined that the husband and his mother had indeed misappropriated the appellant's gold jewellery. Consequently, it ruled that the appellant was entitled to recover the losses incurred due to the said misappropriation.
The Kerala High Court, while partly setting aside the relief granted by the family court, held that the woman had not been able to establish misappropriation of gold jewellery by the husband and his mother.
The woman then moved the Supreme Court against the High Court order.
Here's what Supreme Court said
In its ruling, a bench comprising Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta said that 'stridhan' property does not transform into joint property belonging to both the wife and husband. The husband possesses no title or independent control over the property as its rightful owner. "Properties gifted to a woman before marriage, at the time of marriage or at the time of bidding farewell or thereafter are her stridhan properties. It is her absolute property with all rights to dispose at her own pleasure.
"The husband has no control over her stridhan property. He may use it during the time of his distress but nonetheless he has a moral obligation to restore the same or its value to his wife," the bench said, while referring to an earlier judgment on the issue.
The apex court said matters of matrimony can rarely be said to be simple or straightforward hence, human reaction according to a mechanical timeline before the sacred bond of marriage is severed is not what one would expect.
"Divorce, majorly, in Indian society is still considered a stigma, and any delay in commencement of legal proceedings is quite understandable because of the attempts made to have the disputes and differences resolved; more so, in a case of the present nature, when the appellant was faced with the imminent prospect of termination of her second marriage.
"Even otherwise, the appellant did not present before the Family Court a time barred claim. Doubting the bona fide of the appellant, on facts and in the circumstances, was thus not called for," the bench said.
The top court said the very concept of marriage rests on the inevitable mutual trust of the spouses, which conjugality necessarily involves and to assume that the woman from day one did not trust the husband is rather improbable.
"The High Court, thus, failed to draw the right inference from facts which appear to have been fairly established. That apart, we have neither been shown nor do we know of any binding precedent that for a claim of return of stridhan articles or money equivalent thereof to succeed, the wife has to prove the mode and manner of such acquisition.
"It was not a criminal trial where the chain of circumstances had to be complete and conclusively proved, without any missing link. Undisputedly, the appellant had brought to the matrimonial home sufficient quantum of jewellery, which she wore during the marriage and as is evidenced from photographs," the bench said.
The apex court said the woman had successfully initiated action towards recovery of money in lieu of 89 sovereigns of gold, which in the year 2009 was valued at Rs 8.90 lakh.
"Mere upholding of the decree of the Family Court at this distance of time, without anything more, would bring about injustice to her. Bearing in mind the passage of time, the escalation in cost of living, and in the interest of equity and justice, we deem it fit in exercise of power conferred by Article 142 of the Constitution of India to award to the appellant a sum of Rs 25,00,000," the bench said.
(With PTI inputs)
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